Automated signal synchronisation systems with increased fault tolerance

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15407/akademperiodyka.548.166

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The monograph examines the problems of fault tolerance in power grid and electronic communications synchronisation systems from a modern scientific perspective. It analyses methods and techniques for improving the energy efficiency and fault tolerance of smart technology power grids using synchronised vector measurements. The principles of creation, practical implementation, and technical operation of an intelligent computer-integrated system for multi-channel monitoring of synchronisation signals, digital telecommunications synchronisation equipment with increased fault tolerance, and means of reserving phase synchronisation signals for mobile networks are studied.
The publication is for scientific and engineering, and technical workers, teachers, postgraduates, master’s students, and students of appropriate specialities.

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Chapter 1

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Chapter 2

1. Avtomatyzovanyi monitorynh syhnaliv synkhronizatsii chasu enerhosystem: monohrafiia / V. V. Koval ta in. Kyiv: NUBiP Ukrainy, 2021. 380 s.
2. Ushchapovskyi K. V. Shchodo zabezpechennia synkhronnoi roboty OES Ukrainy z ENTSO-E. Visnyk NAN Ukrainy. 2023. № 5. S. 34-37. https://doi.org/10.15407/visn2023.05.034
3. Kalian D., Kazakova N., Kravchenko B., Koval V. Automated system for Monitoring Synchronizing precise time signals at SMART-GRID power plants. T. 1. Projectowanie, badania, i eksploatacja. Wydawnictwo naukowe Akademii technicznohumanistycznej w Bielsku-Bialey. Bielsku-Bialey, 2019. P. 155-160. URL: http://eprints.library.odeku.edu.ua/id/eprint/6544/
4. Koval V., Kalian D., Osinskiy O., Samkov O., Khudyntsev M., Lysenko V. Diagnostics of Time Synchronization Means of the Integrated Power Grid of SMART Technologies by Using an Optimal Performance System of Automatic Frequency Adjustment. 15th International Conference on Advanced Trends in Radioelectronics, Telecommunications and Computer Engineering (TCSET 2020) (Lviv-Slavske, Ukraine. 25 February, 2020): conference proceedings. P. 269-276. URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9088587
5. Samkov O., Koval V., Lysenko V., Vakas V., Osinskyi O. Selected Problems II. Studies in Systems, Decision and Control. Vol. 220. Springer International Publishing AG. Power Systems Research and Operation. Research and Development of Means of Automated Monitoring of Time-Synchronization Devices of Power Systems / Eds Kyrylenko O., Denysiuk S., Derevianko D., Blinov I., Zaitsev I., Zaporozhets A. Series Editor Kacprzyk J. Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland. 2023. Р. 181-214. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17554-1
6. Vidmovostiiki systemy synkhronizatsii chasu intelektualnykh elektrychnykh merezh: monohrafiia / V. V. Koval, Samkov O. V., Vakas V. I., Pylypenko Yu. V., Yanitskyi I. Ya., Lavinskyi S. D.; NUBiP Ukrainy, NAN Ukrainy, In-t elektrodynamiky. Kyiv, 2024. 317 s.
7. Lombardi M. NIST Technical Note 2189. An evaluation of dependencies of critical infrastructure timing systems on the Global Positioning System (GPS). November 2021. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.TN.2189
8. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Science and Technology Directorate (S&T). Resilient PNT Conformance Framework, Version 2.0. May, 2022. 37 р. URL: https://www.dhs.gov/publication/st-resilient-pnt-conformance-framework
9. Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Research and Development Interagency Working Group Subcommittee on Resilience Science and Technology Committee on Homeland and National Research and Development Plan for Position, Navigation, and Timing Resilience: National Security of the National Science & Technology Council. August, 2021. URL: https://www.whitehouse.gov/wpcontent/uploads/2021/08/Position_Navigation_Timing_RD_Plan-August-2021-1.pdf
10. ATIS-0900005. GPS Vulnerability. Technical Report. Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions. Approved September 7, 2017. 23 p.
11. Haidamanchuk V. A., Matviienko M. V., Pastushenko I. M. Osoblyvosti intehratsii systemy chasu i chastoty RNDB radioteleskopa v natsionalnu sluzhbu yedynoho chasu ta etalonnykh chastot. Infokomunikatsiini ta kompiuterni tekhnolohii. 2022. № 2 (04). S. 33-40. https://doi.org/10 36994/2788-5518-022-02-04-03
12. Matviienko M. V., Haidamanchuk V. A., Pastushenko I. M. Osoblyvosti modernizatsii natsionalnoi merezhi yedynoho chasu z urakhuvanniam dosvidu vprovadzhennia suchasnykh tekhnolohii synkhronizatsii chasu v korporatyvnykh merezhakh. Ukrainskyi metrolohichnyi zhurnal. 2019. № 1. S. 12-18. https://doi.org/10.24027/2306-7039.1.2019.164419
13. Koval V. V., Samkov O. V., Khudyntsev M. M., Osinskyi O. L., Samoilenko V. V. Intelektualna systema formuvannia mitok tochnoho chasu intehrovanykh elektroenerhetychnykh merezh SMART-tekhnolohii. Tezy dopovidei V Mizhnar. nauk.-tekhn. konf. «Problemy ta perspektyvy rozvytku enerhetyky, elektrotekhnolohii ta avtomatyky v APK» (m. Kyiv. 18-19 hrud. 2019 r.). Kyiv: NUBiP Ukrainy, 2019. S.131-132.
14. Velychko O. M., Kalian D. O., Koval V. V., Samkov O. V. Terminal devices for synchroinformation systems with adaptive properties for IoT. 2st International Conference on Advanced Information and Communication Technologies-2017 (AICT-2017) (Lviv, Ukraine, July 4-7, 2017). Lviv: Natsionalnyi un-t «Lvivska politekhnika». 2017. С. 22-25. URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8020056/
15. Osypenko V. V., Koval V. V. Kontseptualni zasady induktyvnoi tekhnolohii systemno-analitychnykh doslidzhen v problemi innovatsiinoho proektuvannia yedynoi synkhroinformatsiinoi systemy rozpovsiudzhennia natsionalnoi shkaly chasu. Naukovyi visnyk Natsionalnoho universytetu bioresursiv i pryrodokorystuvannia Ukrainy. Seriia «Tekhnika ta enerhetyka APK». 2016. Vyp. 256. S. 100-113.
16. Borshch V. I., Koval V. V., Kostik B. Ya., Mykhailov M. K. Problemy pobudovy merezh synkhronizatsii informatyzatsiinykh infrastruktur na natsionalnomu, yevropeiskomu i hlobalnomu rivniakh. Pratsi UNDIRT. 2003. № 4 (36). S. 24-30.
17. Borshch V. I., Karlash S. D., Koval V. V., Korshun Ye. I., Kostik B. Ya. Problemy pobudovy yedynoi natsionalnoi merezhi synkhronizatsii Ukrainy. Zviazok. 2004. № 6 (50). S. 15-19.
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21. Soldatov V. V., Dzysiuk O. V., Boiko V. M., Havrylov A. B., Svitenko M. I., Raroh R. M. ta in. Rezultaty doslidnoi ekspluatatsii pidsystemy zabezpechennia yedynym chasom viiskovykh spozhyvachiv na bazi serveriv tochnoho chasu Microsemi Time Provider 4100. Ukrainskyi metrolohichnyi zhurnal. 2020. № 1. S. 68-78. https://doi.org/10.24027/2306-7039.1.2020.204255
22. Vakas V. I., Koval V. V., Fedorova N. V., Manko O. O., Domin D. A. Synchronization Implementations for 5G Mobile Networks. 16th International Conference on Advanced Trends in Radioelectronics, Telecommunications and Computer Engineering (TCSET 2022) (Lviv-Slavske, Ukraine, 22-26 February 2022): conference proceedings. 2022. P. 244-247. URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9088587
23. Vakas V. I., Koval V. V., Manko O. O., Piskun O. M. Phase synchronization of base stations in multicast mode. 6th ІЕЕЕ International conference of information end telecommunication technologies and radio electronics (UkrMiCo’2023) (Kyiv, Ukraine, 13-17 November, 2023). Kyiv: Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, 2023.
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57. Kyrylenko O. V., Blinov I. V., Korkhmazov H. S., Popovych V. I. Rolova model konkurentnoho optovoho rynku elektrychnoi enerhii v Ukraini: kontseptualna skhema, sehmenty ta roli uchasnykiv. Pratsi Instytutu elektrodynamiky NAN Ukrainy. 2010. Vyp. 25. S. 5-13.
58. Blinov I. V., Popovych V. I. Harmonizovana rolova model yevropeiskoho rynku elektroenerhii. Problemy zahalnoi enerhetyky. 2011. № 3(26). S. 5-11.
59. Blinov I. V., Kuchanskyi V. V., Shkarupylo V. V., Parus Ye. V. Formalizatsiia opysu protsesiv orhanizatsii vzaiemodii uchasnykiv ta system upravlinnia rynkom elektrychnoi enerhii na osnovi rolovykh modelei. The 12th International scientific and practical conference «World science: problems, prospects and innovations» (August 11-13, 2021). Perfect Publishing, Toronto, Canada. 2021. R. 192-201.
60. Kyrylenko O. V., Blinov I. V., Parus Ye. V. Otsinka roboty elektrostantsii pry nadanni dopomizhnykh posluh z pervynnoho ta vtorynnoho rehuliuvannia chastoty v OES Ukrainy. Tekhnichna elektrodynamika. 2013. № 5. S. 55-60.
61. Kyrylenko O. V., Blinov I. V., Parus Ye.V., Trach I. V. Otsinka efektyvnosti vykorystannia system nakopychennia elektroenerhii v elektrychnykh merezhakh. Tekhnichna elektrodynamika. 2021. № 4. S. 44-54. https://doi.org/10.15407/techned2021.04.044
62. Blinov I. V., Samkov O. V., Kyrylenko V. V. Tankevych S .Ye. Problemy i perspektyvy standartyzatsii u sferi keruvannia elektroenerhetychnymy obiektamy ta systemamy v Ukraini. Standartyzatsiia, sertyfikatsiia, yakist. 2015. № 6 (97). S. 3-11.
63. Tankevych S. Ye., Kyrylenko V. V., Blinov I. V. Ukraina ta svit: normatyvne zabezpechennia intelektualnykh elektroenerhetychnykh system za kontseptsiieiu Smart Grid. Standartyzatsiia, sertyfikatsiia, yakist. 2014. № 4 (89). S. 38-44.
64. Intelektualni elektrychni merezhi: elementy ta rezhymy / za zah. red. akad. NAN Ukrainy O. V. Kyrylenko. Kyiv: In-t elektrodynamiky NAN Ukrainy, 2016. 400 s.
65. Ivanov H. A., Blinov I. V., Parus Ye. V., Miroshnyk V. O. Skladovi modeli dlia analizu vplyvu vidnovliuvalnykh dzherel enerhii na rynkovu vartist elektroenerhii v Ukraini. Tekhnichna elektrodynamika. 2020. № 4. C. 72-75. https://doi.org/10.15407/techned2020.04.072
66. Blinov I., Tankevych S. The harmonized role model of electricity market in Ukraine. 2016 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Energy and Power Systems, IEPS 2016 Conference Proceedings (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/IEPS.2016.7521861
67. Kyrylenko O. V., Basok B. I., Bazieiev Ye. T., Blinov I. V. Enerhetyka Ukrainy ta realii hlobalnoho poteplinnia. Tekhnichna elektrodynamika. 2020. № 3. S 52-61. https://doi.org/10.15407/techned2020.03.052
68. Blinov I. V., Samkov O. V., Kyrylenko V. V. Metodolohiia pobudovy modeli rynku elektroenerhii na osnovi vymoh natsionalnoho standartu. Standartyzatsiia, sertyfikatsiia ta yakist. 2013. № 6. S. 15-20.
69. O snovy metrolohii ta zasoby vymiriuvan / D. M. Nesterchuk, S. O. Kvitka, S. V. Halko. Melitopol: Liuks, 2017. 256 s.
70. Koval V. V., Kalian D. O., Koval V. V. Adaptyvnyi tsyfrovyi fazovyi dyskryminator: pat. № 113473 Ukraina. MPK (2016.01) N 03 D 13/00, N 03 D 3/04 (2006.1) (Ukraina) № a 2015 11981; zaiavl. 03.12.2015; opubl. vidomosti pro zaiavku 10.05.2016. Biul. № 9. Opubl. biul. № 2, 25.01.2017. URL: http://uapatents.com/6-113473-adaptivnijj-cifrovijj-fazovijj-diskriminator.html

Chapter 3

1. Koval V. V., Kalian D. O. Prystroi synkhronizatsii infokomunikatsiinykh merezh z periodychnoiu avtopidstroikoiu: monohrafiia. Kyiv: NUBiP Ukrainy, 2016. 412 s.
2. Koval V. V., Kalian D. O., Samkov O. V. Avtomatyzovana systema peredachi synkhrosyhnaliv z vykorystanniam IR-merezh: monohrafiia. Kyiv: NUBiP Ukrainy, 2016. 182 s.
3. Koval V. V., Samkov O. V., Khudyntsev M. M., Kalian D. O. Avtomatyzovana systema synkhronizatsii tsyfrovykh syhnaliv: monohrafiia. Kyiv: Komprynt, 2018. 494 s. URL: http://dspace.nubip.edu.ua:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/6023
4. Koval V. V., Samkov O. V., Fedorova N. V., Vakas V. I. Avtomatyzovanyi kontrol yakosti formuvannia synkhrosyhnaliv na osnovi vykorystannia IR tekhnolohii: monohrafiia. Kyiv: NUBiP Ukrainy, 2019. 424 s.
5. Kalian D., Kazakova N., Kravchenko B., Koval V. Projectowanie, badania, i eksploatacja. In: Automated system for Monitoring Synchronizing precise time signals at SMART-GRID power plants. Bielsku-Bialey: Wydawnictwo naukowe Akademii techniczno-humanistycznej w Bielsku-Bialey, 2019. P. 155-160. URL: http://www.engineerxxi.ath.eu/book/designing-researches-and-exploitation-2019-vol-1/
6. Koval V. V., Havrylko Ye. V., Samkov O. V., Fedorova N. V., Vakas V. I., Osinskyi O. L. ta in. Tekhnolohii peredavannia syhnaliv synkhronizatsii chasu IR-merezhamy: monohrafiia. Kyiv: Redaktsiino-vydavnychyi viddil NUBiP Ukrainy, 2020. 416 s.
7. Borshch V. I., Koval V. V., Mykhailov M. K., Netudykhata L. I. Iierarkhichni formuvachi sitky chastot merezh telekomunikatsii. Visnyk Natsionalnoho Universytetu «Lvivska politekhnika» «Radioelektronika ta telekomunikatsii». 2002. № 443. S. 45-56.
8. Koval V. V. ta in. Avtomatyzovanyi monitorynh syhnaliv synkhronizatsii chasu enerhosystem: monohrafiia. Kyiv: VTs NUBiP Ukrainy, 2021. 380 s.
9. Koval V. V. ta in. Bahatokanalna avtomatyzovana systema kontroliu yakosti synkhrosyhnaliv na osnovi IR-tekhnolohii: monohrafiia. Kyiv: VTs NUBiP Ukrainy, 2022. 382 s.
10. Koval V. V. ta in. Vidmovostiiki systemy synkhronizatsii chasu intelektualnykh elektrychnykh merezh: monohrafiia / Natsionalnyi un-t bioresursiv i pryrodokorystuvannia Ukrainy. Kyiv, 2024. 320 s.
11. Borshch V. I., Korshun Ye. I., Tumanov Yu. H., Chumak M. O. Syhnalizatsiia y synkhronizatsiia v telekomunikatsiinykh systemakh. Kyiv: Nauk. dumka, 2004. 128 s.
12. Bregni S. Synchronization of digital telecommunications networks. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2002. 315 p. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470845880
13. Koval V. V., Kalian D. O., Kilchytskyi Ye. V. ta in. Avtomatychni prystroi ta systemy taktovoi synkhronizatsii infokomunikatsiinykh merezh. Kyiv: NUBiP Ukrainy, 2015. 412 s.
14. G.811, Timing characteristics of primary reference clocks [Chynnyi vid 1997-9]. Geneva, Switzerland, Sept. 1997 (Rekomendatsiia ITU-T).
15. G.812, Timing requirements of slave clocks suitable for use as node clocks in synchronization networks [Chynnyi vid 1998-6]. Geneva, Switzerland, June 1998 (Rekomendatsiia ITU-T).
16. ITU-T Rec. G.703 Physical. Electrical Characteristics of Hierarchical Digital Interfaces.Geneva, May 2021.
17. ITU-T Rec. G.803. Architecture of Transport Networks Based on the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy. (SDH). Sec. 8. Geneva, June 1997.
18. ITU-T Rec. G.823. Controlled slip rate objectives on international digital links.
19. Transmission and multiplexing (TM); Generic requirements for synchronization networks [Chynnyi vid 1996-5]. ETS 300 462-2 1997 (Standart ETSI).
20. Koval V. V. Vedeni prystroi synkhronizatsii z periodychnym avtopidstroiuvanniam telekomunikatsiinykh merezh: monohrafiia. Kyiv: KOM PRYNT, 2017. 342 s.
21. Borshch V. I., Karlash S. D., Koval V. V., Korshun Ye. I., Kostik B. Ya. Problemy pobudovy yedynoi natsionalnoi merezhi synkhronizatsii Ukrainy. Zviazok. 2004. № 6 (50). S. 15-19.
22. Koval V. V., Kostik B. Ya., Sukach H. O. Kontseptualni polozhennia pobudovy yedynoi natsionalnoi merezhi synkhroinformatsii Ukrainy. Naukovi zapysky UNDIZ.2010. № 1 (13). S. 5-13.
23. Borshch V. I., Drobik O. V., Koval V. V. Synkhronizatsiia telekomunikatsiinykh merezh ta informatsiinykh infrastruktur. Visnyk Derzhavnoho universytetu informatsiino-komunikatsiinykh tekhnolohii. 2007. T. 5. № 2. S. 150-158.
24. Koval V. V., Borshch V. I., Koval K. V., Kostik B. Ya., Mykhailov M. K. Tsyfrovyi chasovyi dyskryminator: pat. № 3081 Ukraina. MPK N 03 D 3/04 (Ukraina). № 2004010217; zaiavl. 12.01.04; opubl. 15.10.04. Promyslova vlasnist. Biul. № 10 (Rozdil 5). S. 70.
25. Borshch V. I., Drobik O. V., Koval V. V., Korshun Ye. I., Kostik B. Ya., Tumanov Yu. H. Asynkhronnyi tsyfrovyi chasovyi dyskryminator: pat. № 3887 Ukraina. MPK N 03 D 3/04 (Ukraina). № 20040402805; zaiavl. 16.04.04; opubl. 15.12.2004. Promyslova vlasnist. Biul. № 12. S. 123-124.
26. Koval V. V., Kostik B. Ya., Lysenko V. P., Kazakova N. F. Tsyfrovyi pretsyziinyi chasovyi dyskryminator: pat. № 84575 Ukraina. MPK (2013.01) N 03 D 13/00 (Ukraina). № u 2013 05113; zaiavl. 19.04.2013; opubl. 25.10.2013, Biul. № 20. URL: http://uapatents.com/7-84575-cifrovijj-precizijjnijj-chasovijj-diskriminator.html
27. Koval V. V., Kalian D. O., Koval V. V. Adaptyvnyi tsyfrovyi fazovyi dyskryminator: pat. № 113473 Ukraina. MPK (2016.01) N 03 D 13/00, N 03 D 3/04 (2006.1) (Ukraina) № a 2015 11981; zaiavl. 03.12.2015; opubl. vidomosti pro zaiavku 10.05.2016. Biul. № 9. Opubl. biul. № 2, 25.01.2017. URL: http://uapatents.com/6-113473-adaptivnijj-cifrovijj-fazovijj-diskriminator.html
28. Koval V. V., Kalian D. O., Koval V. V. Prystrii kontroliu periodychnosti impulsnoi poslidovnosti taktovoi chastoty: pat. na korysnu model № 116809 Ukraina. MPK N 03 K 5/19 (2006.01). (Ukraina). № u 2016 11977; zaiavl. 25.11.2016; opubl. vidomosti pro zaiavku 12.06.2017. Biul. № 11.
29. Koval V. V., Kmetyk N. V., Lavinskyi D. S., Osinskyi O. L., Samkov O. V. Prystrii polifaznoho kontroliu periodychnosti taktovoho synkhrosyhnalu: pat. № 124867 Ukraina. MPK N03K 5/19 (2006.01) (Ukraina). Zaiavka № a 2020 04189; zaiavl. 28.07.2020; opubl. vidomosti pro zaiavku 10.12.2020. Biul. № 23. Opubl. biul. № 48, 01.12.2021. Zareiestrovano 01.12.2021.
30. Koval V. V. Zavadozakhyshchenyi tsyfrovyi fazovyi dyskryminator: pat. № 145274 Ukraina. MPK H03D 13/00, N03D 3/04 (2006.01) (Ukraina). № u202004193; zaiavl. 08.07.2020; opubl. 25.11.2020, Biul. № 22. 2020. URL: https://sis.ukrpatent.org/uk/search/detail/1465165/

Chapter 4

1. Koval V. V. ta in. Avtomatyzovanyi monitorynh syhnaliv synkhronizatsii chasu enerhosystem: monohrafiia. Kyiv: NUBiP Ukrainy, 2021. 374 s.
2. ITU-T Recommendation G.8261.1/Y.1361.1 (02/2012). Packet delay variation network limits applicable to packet-based methods (Frequency synchronization).
3. Vakas V. Y., Fedorova N. V. Praktycheskaia realyzatsyia synkhronyzatsyy na setiakh IP / MPLS. Zviazok. 2013. № 1. S. 23-27.
4. Vakas V. Y., Fedorova N. V. Kontrol y yzmerenye parametrov syhnalov synkhronyzatsyy v IP / MPLS-sety. 23-ya Mezhdunarodnaia Krymskaia konferentsyia «SVCh-tekhnyka y telekommunykatsyonnye tekhnolohyy»: materyaly konf. v 2 t. T. 1. (Sevastopol, Krym, Ukrayna, 8-13 sent. 2013 h., KryMyKo2013). Sevastopol, 2013. S. 273-274.
5. Vakas V. Y., Fedorova N. V., Demyn D. A. Yzmerenyia parametrov stabylnosty syhnalov synkhronyzatsyy v paketnykh setiakh. Zviazok. 2016. № 1. C. 40-43.
6. ITU-T Recommendation G.8275.1/Y.1369.1 (2016). Precision time protocol telecom profile for phase/time synchronization with full timing support from the network.
7. ITU-T Recommendation G.8275.2/Y.1365.2 (2019). Precision time protocol telecom profile for phase/time synchronization with partial timing support from the network.
8. ITU-T Recommendation G.8272/Y.1367 (2012). Timing characteristics of primary reference time clocks.
9. ITU-T Recommendation G.8272.1/Y.1367.1 (2019) Timing characteristics of enhanced primary reference time clocks.
10. Gaidamanchuk V., Matvienko M. Main Principles of the Satellite System Providing PNT Information for Moving Objects Under GNSS Vulnerability. Information and Telecommunication Sciences. 2017. № 2 (15). P. 27-31. https://doi.org/10.20535/2411-2976.22017.27-31
11. Vakas V. I., Fedorova N. V., Havrylko Ye. V., Kharlai L. O. Otsinka yakosti opornykh syhnaliv synkhronizatsii v IP-merezhakh na bazi system upravlinnia obladnannia synkhronizatsii. Visnyk NTUU «KPI». Seriia Radiotekhnika, Radioaparatobuduvannia. 2020. № 81. S. 5-10.
12. Koval V. V., Samkov O. V., Fedorova N. V., Vakas V. I. Avtomatyzovanyi kontrol yakosti formuvannia synkhrosyhnaliv na osnovi vykorystannia IP-tekhnolohii. Kyiv: NUBiP Ukrainy, 2019. 423 s.
13. Oduan K., Gino B. Time measurement. GPS basics. 2002. 400 p.
14. Vakas V. Y., Karpan S. V. Ustroistva synkhronyzatsyy, yspolzuiushchye vozmozhnosty sputnykovykh radyonavyhatsyonnykh system. Visnyk Ukrainskoho Budynku ekonomichnykh ta naukovo-tekhnichnykh znan. 2001. № 1. C. 60-67.
15. Rutman J. Characterization of phase and frequency instabilities in precision frequency sources: Fifteen years of progress. Proceedings of the IEEE. 1978. Vol. 66. Iss. 9. P. 1048-1075. https://doi.org/10.1109/PROC.1978.11080
16. Bregni S. Synchronization of Digital Telecommunication Networks. John Willey & Sons, Inc, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470845880
17. Mills D. L. Computer network time synchronization: the network time protocol. CRC Press, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420006155
18. ITU-T Recommendation G.811 (09/97). Timing characteristics of primary reference clock.
19. Vakas V. I., Domin D. A., Manko O. O., Kulinskyi O. O. Evolution of Stability of Synchronization Parameters in Packet Networks. 2017 IEEE First Ukraine Conference on electrical and computer engineering (UKRCON) (May 29 – June 2, 2017): conference proceedings. Kyiv, 2017. P. 886-889. https://doi.org/10.1109/UKRCON.2017.8100375
20. Koval V. V., Havrylenko Ye. V., Samkov O. V., Fedorova N. V., Vakas V. I., Osinskyi O. L. ta in. Tekhnolohii peredavannia syhnaliv synkhronizatsii chasu IP-merezhamy/Kyiv: NUBiP Ukrainy, 2020. 415 s.
21. Vakas V. I., Domin D. A., Manko O. O., Kulinskyi O. O. Comparison of synchronization reference signals of primary Atomic Clocks. 2018 IEEE 14th International Conference on Advanced Trends in Radioelecrtronics, Telecommunications and Computer Engineering (TCSET). 2018. P. 189-192.
22. Kashcheev B. L., Koval Yu. A., Kundiukov S. H. O vozmozhnosty yspolzovanyia radyometeornoho kanala dlia synkhronyzatsyy natsyonalnoi sety Zviazok. 1999. № 5. S. 32-36.